This paper investigates what happens after medical datasets are shared publicly, especially when they are copied, re-uploaded, and reused across platforms like Kaggle and HuggingFace. It matters because this may not only violate licenses and contribute to the reproducibility crisis in AI, but also lead to overoptimistic results, which can have serious real-world consequences, directly affecting patients in healthcare AI.

For years, the conversation around artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has focused on institutions. We have heard about AI for hospitals, clinicians, diagnostics, and health system efficiency. These are important developments, and they deserve attention, but it is no longer the full picture.